|
|
unick LV5
发表于 5-1-2006 01:49:00
|
显示全部楼层
|
<P>Louis Braille (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_4" target="_blank" >January 4</A>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1809" target="_blank" >1809</A> – <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_6" target="_blank" >January 6</A>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852" target="_blank" >1852</A>) was the inventor of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" target="_blank" >braille</A><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille#endnote_caps" target="_blank" >[1]</A>, a world-wide system used by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindness" target="_blank" >blind</A> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_impairment" target="_blank" >visually impaired</A> people for reading and writing. Braille is read by passing one's fingers over characters which are made up of an arrangement of one to six<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embossed" target="_blank" >embossed</A> points. It has been adapted to almost every known language.</P><P>Braille was born in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupvray" target="_blank" >Coupvray</A> near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" target="_blank" >Paris</A>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" target="_blank" >France</A>. His father, Simon-René Braille, was a harness and saddle maker. At the age of three Braille injured his left eye with an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_awl" target="_blank" >awl</A> from his father's workshop. This destroyed his left eye, which led to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection" target="_blank" >infection</A> of his right. Braille was completely blind by the age of four. Despite his handicap, Braille continued to attend school regularly until he was required to read and write.</P><P>At the age of ten, Braille earned a scholarship to the Institution Royale des Jeunes Aveugles(Royal Institution for Blind Youths) in Paris. The scholarship was his ticket out of the usual fate for the blind, i.e. begging for money on the streets of Paris. However, the conditions in the school were not dissimilar. Braille was served stale bread and water, and students were beaten and locked up as punishment on various occasions.</P><P>At the school, the children were taught basic craftsman's skills and simple trades. They were also taught how to read by feeling raised letters (a system devised by the school's founder, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" target="_blank" >Valentin Haüy</A>). However, because the raised letters were made using paper pressed against copper wire, the students never learned to write.</P><P>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1821" target="_blank" >1821</A>, a former soldier named <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Barbier" target="_blank" >Charles Barbier</A> visited the school. Barbier shared his invention called "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_writing" target="_blank" >night writing</A>," a code of twelve raised dots that let soldiers share top-secret information on the battlefield without even having to speak. Unfortunately, the code was too hard for the soldiers. Braille, however, picked it up quickly.</P><DIV class="thumb tleft"><DIV center;width: 182px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LouisBraille.png" target="_blank" ><IMG src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/LouisBraille.png/180px-LouisBraille.png"></A></DIV><DIV 182px; "><DIV class="thumbcaption" style=""><DIV class="magnify" style="text-align: center;float: right; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LouisBraille.png" target="_blank" ><IMG src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png"></A></DIV><DIV class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left;">Louis Braille in braille</DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV><P>That year, Braille began inventing his raised-dot system, finishing at age fifteen. Braille used only six dots, where Barbier had used twelve. Another major difference was that Barbier's system was based on sounds, whereas Braille's system represented the letters of the alphabet. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" target="_blank" >braille</A> system he developed also offered numerous benefits over Valentin Haüy's raised letter method, the most notable being the ability to both read and write the language.</P><P>Braille later extended his system to include notation for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" target="_blank" >mathematics</A> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille_music" target="_blank" >music</A>. The first book in braille was published in 1827 under the title "Method of Writing Words, Music, and Plain Songs by Means of Dots, for Use by the Blind and Arranged for Them".</P><P>Braille became a well-respected teacher at the Institute where he had been a student. He was admired and respected by his pupils but, unfortunately, his braille system was not taught at the Institute while he lived. He had always been plagued by ill health and in 1852, at the age of 43, he died of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis" target="_blank" >tuberculosis</A>.</P><P>For a period after his death, the braille system went unnoticed. Its significance was not identified until <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868" target="_blank" >1868</A>, when Dr. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Armitage" target="_blank" >Thomas Armitage</A>, along with a group of four blind men, established the British and Foreign Society for Improving the Embossed Literature of the Blind (later the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Institute_of_the_Blind" target="_blank" >Royal National Institute of the Blind</A>), which published books in Braille's system.</P><P>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952" target="_blank" >1952</A>, the French state honoured his achievements by moving his remains from Coupvray to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" target="_blank" >Panthéon</A> monument, Paris. Today, braille has been adapted to almost every major national language and is the primary system of written communication for visually impaired persons around the world.</P><P>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" target="_blank" >2006</A>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" target="_blank" >Google</A> honored Braille by displaying their logo on their <a href="http://www.google.com/" target="_blank" >main page</A> in braille. This was done to celebrate the anniversary of Braille's birth, and follows a long line of special <a href="http://www.google.com/holidaylogos.html" target="_blank" >holiday logos</A> produced by Google. This logo can currently be found on the <a href="http://www.google.com/" target="_blank" >Google home page</A>, and after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_4" target="_blank" >January 4</A> will be moved to their Holiday Page: <a href="http://www.google.com/holidaylogos.html" target="_blank" >Holiday Logos and Events -- Google style!</A></P> |
|
IP卡
狗仔卡
显身卡
