[讨论]Introduction Nanjing

南京导游

[BR]Dr. Sun Yatsen’s Mausoleum Among the historical and cultural attractions in Nanjing, the best known is Dr. Sun Yatsen’s Mausoleum. Dr. Sun Yatsen’s Mausoleum sits on the southern slope of the Purple Mountain in the eastern suburbs of the city. Designed by a young architect Lu Yanzhi, the mausoleum took more than 3 years to build and cost 1.5 million silver dollars. The construction began on March 12, 1926 and completed in 1929 when Dr. Sun Yatsen was buried there on June 1. Dr. Sun Yatsen, also named Sun Wen or Sun Zhongshan, is considered as the father of the Chinese democratic revolution. Born in a peasant family in Guangdong Province in 1866, he had his primary education in Honolulu, Hawaii sponsored by his elder brother from 1878 to 1883. He was so sad when he saw the poverty of the country upon his return. China had been a super power for centuries. But since the middle of Qing Dynasty in the 1800’s, China began to decline, which owed a great deal to the corruptions and incompetence of the Qing government. Foreign invasions and peasant rebellions made it even worse. The Opium War in 1840 ended with the “Treaty of Nanjing”. China was forced to pay an indemnity of 21 million silver dollars and cede Hong Kong to the Great Britain and open 5 free port cities to the westerners, which were Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai. Following were the wars again launched by France in 1883 and Japan in 1894. The Chinese people lived in a miserable life. They were referred to the “sick man of the Orient” by the westerners. Dr. Sun Yatsen dreamed to save the nation by practicing medicine and that led him to Hong Kong to learn medicine when he was 21 years old. However, it did not work. The reality made him give up his medical career in his hometown and Macao but turn to politics in 1893. From then on, he kept petitioning to the Qing government for reforms but was never responded. At great disappointment, he left the country later and went canvassing extensively in the United States of America, Europe and Japan, trying to win the sympathy and support from the overseas Chinese. With the funds raised, he organized “Revive China League” - China’s first bourgeois organization. The following 1905 witnessed the founding of the “Chinese Revolutionary League” headed by Dr. Sun Yatsen, a party with a clear-cut program of “Expel Tartars, Restore China, Establish Republic & Equalize Land.” Dr. Sun Yatsen also put forth 3 democratic principles of “Nationalism, Democracy & People’s Livelihood” as his political goal. The armed movements against the Qing government took place continuously. The most important event following was the 1911 Revolution in Wuhan led by Dr. Sun Yatsen, which drove the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty out of the Forbidden City in Beijing, marking the end of the old dynastic system in China. In the same year, the representatives of 17 provinces met in Nanjing and elected Dr. Sun Yatsen president of the provisional government of the Republic of China. On January 1, 1912 it was in Nanjing where the first republic in Chinese history was founded and Dr. Sun Yatsen inaugurated his presidency. Unfortunately the new republic was threatened by powerful warlords in the north. To avoid political crisis and save the republic, Dr. Sun Yatsen compromised conditionally with the major northern warlord named Yuan Shikai who had been pursuing the national power for a long time. He resigned at the end of March 1912, but never stopped pursuing his goal. Soon after that, China went into chaotic civil wars again. The situation led to a series of movements like “the Second Revolution,” “Save the Republic,” “Restore the Legislation” and “the Northern Expeditions” in the following years. Dr. Sun Yatsen spent most of his time dealing with warlords. Not until 1921, Dr. Sun Yatsen resumed his presidency in Guangzhou. At the First National Congress of the Chinese Kuomintang in 1924, he adopted the policy of “Alliance with Russia and Communists, Assistance to Peasants and Workers” and officially acknowledged the cooperation between the Nationalist Party and Communist Party in running the government. In November of 1924, Dr. Sun Yatsen, despite his poor health, made an expedition to the north with his ambition to eliminate warlords, expel imperialists and abrogate unequal treaties. He was warmly greeted by thousands of people upon his arrival in Beijing. He met with many politicians and warlords, trying to persuade them to get united to build a new China. But the result did not look optimistic. He became very sick due to hard work and had to be hospitalized. The diagnosis turned out he was suffering an advanced-stage liver cancer. When he realized it would not be very long for him to stay in this world, he dictated his assistant 3 last wills, one to his party, one to the Russian government and the other to his wife Madam Song Qingling. On March 12, 1925 Dr. Sun Yatsen passed away in Beijing Union Hospital. Dr. Sun Yatsen is a great man because he devoted 40 years of his life to pursuing his dream to overthrow the feudal monarchy and build an untied democratic China. Why was Dr. Sun Yatsen buried in Nanjing instead of in his hometown or Beijing where he died? The mausoleum site was first recommended to Dr. Sun Yatsen by the abbot of Linggu Temple for its good geomantic omen. One day in April, 1912 when he went hunting to the site with his friends, Dr. Sun Yatsen was really so amazed by the beautiful environment that he wished the people would allow him to be buried there after his death. He expressed this desire again in his sickbed in 1925. Dr. Sun Yatsen’s Mausoleum is designed in the shape of a liberty bell, intending to remind people never to get self-contented. The whole architecture, from the gateway, to the main entrance, tablet pavilion, memorial hall and the tomb vault, lies on the north-south axis with 392 steps and 10 platforms in between. The buildings are all constructed with natural granite and marbles and covered by blue glazed-tile roofs. Opposite to the bronze incense-burner off the square, stands the 12-metre high gateway of three arches with Dr. Sun Yatsen’s handwriting “Fraternity” carved on its front top. The 480-meter long tomb avenue, lined with pine, gingko and maple trees, leads to the main entrance. Dr. Sun Yatsen’s motto “The World Belongs to the People” can be seen right above the door in the middle. Walking through it, the first building you will see is the tablet pavilion which houses a huge tombstone. The tombstone is engraved with “Premier Dr. Sun is buried here by the Chinese Nationalist Party on June 1, 1929.” From there, a panoramic view of the memorial hall can be obtained. However, there are still 290 steps to go before you reach the memorial hall on the top. The memorial hall stands 73.33 meters above the ground. In the center of the memorial hall sits the Italian white marble statue of Dr. Sun Yatsen mounted on a pedestal carved in bas-relief by a Polish sculptor. The surrounding walls are inscribed with the national constitution written by Dr. Sun Yatsen. Beyond the memorial hall is the tomb vault. Standing by the pool inside, if you look down, you bow to see Dr. Sun Yatsen’s reclining marble statue with his body buried 5 meters underneath. If you look up, you find the emblem of the Nationalist Party on the ceiling. When you wrap up your homage tour and step down, you will not only enjoy a bird’s-eye view of beautiful Nanjing, but also feel totally relieved because you do not see any more those 392 steps you have conquered. Not until then, you will not understand how great Dr. Sun Yatsen is. Ming Tomb The 600-year-old Ming Tomb, lying at the southern foot of the Purple Mountain, is the tomb for Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty from 1368 to 1398. Born into a poor peasant family in Fengyang County, Anhui Province in 1328, Zhu Yuanzhang lost his parents in his childhood and became a monk at Huangjue Temple. In 1352, he joined the Red Turban Army led by Guo Zixin. He married Guo Zixin’s adopted daughter and became the commanding general later. Zhu Yuanzhang took over Nanjing in 1356 and made it the capital in 1368 when he conquered the rest parts of China and established the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang began to have his tomb built in 1381 when his wife died. The empress was buried in the tomb in 1383. But Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang died in 1398 and was buried here in the same year. Now we are reaching the tomb gate, known as Grand Golden Gate. Ming Tomb is divided into two parts. The first part is from Horse Dismounting Arch Gate to Linxin Gate, 1800 meters long, serving as the tomb avenue. The second part is the tomb itself. There was originally a grand red wall, 22.5 kilometers long, enclosing the whole tomb area. The tomb complex was very large with many splendid buildings. 100000 pines were planted and 1000 deer raised inside. Unfortunately, this large group of buildings was ruined during the wartime, once between the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the other time when Taiping Peasant Army was suppressed by the Qing Dynasty army. All the wooden structures were destroyed. However we can still see the exquisite stone carvings from the stone bases and imagine how it looked like 600 years ago. At the Horse Dismounting Arch Gate, the inscription can be seen "All the officials must dismount from their horsebacks here". This shows the absolute dignity of Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang at that time. Here we are at the square city, also called the stone tablet house. Its top is gone but the surrounding walls and four archways are still remaining, just like a castle. The Great Ming Dynasty Wonderful Achievements and Merits Tablet, 8.78 meters high, built in 1413 by the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty, is the highest ancient tablet in Nanjing. There are altogether 2746 Chinese characters on the tablet, which praise Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang for his deeds and merits by his fourth son who made himself the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Why did Zhu Di, the third emperor erect this stone tablet? Zhu Yuanzhang had 26 sons. His first son died in 1392, so his first grandson, then 16, was nominated to be the successor to Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang. In 1398, 22-year-old Zhu Yunwen became the second emperor after his grandfather’s death. However his uncle Zhu Di was then in Beijing and found some excuse to launch a war against him. The four-year-long war ended with the uncle's victory. Zhu Di grabbed the power and became the third emperor. When Zhu Di praised Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, he was actually praising himself. Originally, Zhu Di planned to have a 72-meter-high stone tablet carved out of Yangshan hill in the eastern suburb of Nanjing. Since it was too heavy to be moved, he gave up his plan and had this small one made. The stone animal under the tablet looks like a tortoise. It is actually the first son of the dragon, well known for its strength. Its name is Bi Xi and he is always put there to carry imperial tablets. According to the legend, when the stone tablet was carved, the chief mason could hardly have it mount on the back of Bi Xi because it was too heavy. He was very worried and did not know what to do. One day he had a dream, in which he was told that only when the tablet and Bi Xi did not see each other, he would make the mounting possible. Clever as he was, he covered Bi Xi with mud and pushed the tablet onto the back of Bi Xi as you can see now. When we pass the imperial bridge, we can see the sacred path lined with 24 animals. There are six kinds of animals, one pair standing and the other kneeling. The standing pair is working and the kneeling resting. They work on two shifts. The significance of these animals is to show the country's power and emperor's influence, to drive away the evil spirits and guard the tomb. The first 2 pairs of animals are lions, king of the beats. The second 2 pairs of animals are called Bi Xie, a mythical animal, suggesting justice. The following pairs of animals include camels, elephants, unicorns and horses. The camel is known as boat in the desert and symbol of prosperity. Each elephant weighs 80 tons and symbolizes peace. The unicorn represents good luck while Horse loyalty. You may wonder how these heavy stone animals were moved to this place. The fact is in the cold winter, workers splashed water on the ground and pushed the stone animals to the present locations on the freezing ice. Two 6.25 meter-high stone pillars serve as altars for the sacrificial offerings. The sacred avenue makes a right turn here just because the Plum Blossom Hill stands in the way. The hill is the tomb for Sun Quan, the first emperor of Eastern Wu Kingdom. When Ming Tomb was constructed, some people suggested that Sun Quan's tomb should be moved away. But Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang commented that Sun Quan was a good fellow and should stay. This showed the emperor’s modesty. Among the 8 stone figures, four are ministers and the other are warriors. When we cross the imperial bridge and walk a short distance, we reach the tomb itself. The arch gate, imperial stone tablet pavilion, the grand hall, square city, grand terrace, treasure city, treasure top are all on the north-south axis, a typical layout of the ancient Chinese architecture. The arch gate has 5 doorways, with yellow glazed tiles, red walls and doors. But this gate was rebuilt in 1999. In the stone tablet pavilion built in early Qing Dynasty, we can see an inscription by Emperor Kang Xi, the second emperor of Qing Dynasty, "Running the state as prosperously as Tang and Song Dynasties". Since Qing rulers were Manchurians, Emperor Kangxi was worried that the Han people wouldn't follow him. This stone tablet indicated Emperor Kang Xi's desire to be peaceful with the Hans. He made 6 trips down to southern China from Beijing and visited Ming Tomb for 5 times. This tablet was erected here in 1699 during his third visit. We can tell from this tablet that Emperor Kang Xi was no wonder a great emperor. The tomb is at the foot of Purple Mountain. It has not been excavated because of the technical reasons of preservation. The tomb site was selected by Zhu Yuanzhang himself. However there had been a Buddhist temple here. Zhu Yuangzhang paced up and down and looked upset each time when he was here. The wise abbot in the temple felt it and suggested to the emperor that the temple should be moved because his teacher told him so in his dream. The emperor was happy when he heard this and had the temple rebuilt to the east of his tomb. Linggu Temple Now we are on the way to the Linggu Temple Park. On our right there is a fishing terrace with beige glazed tiles built in 1937. It was a monument to Dr. Sun Yatsen from the National Military Academy, which was founded by Dr. Sun Yatsen in 1924. Linggu Temple lies about one and a half kilometers to the east of Dr. Sun Yatsen 's Mausoleum. It was called Jiangshan Temple in the ancient times and its original site was in Dulongfu at the foot of the Purple Mountain. However, in the early days of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang chose that place to build his tomb, thus the temple had to be moved and rebuilt at the present site and was renamed as the Linggu Temple with an inscription "The First Buddhist Forest " at the entrance to the mountain. Inside the entrance there is a secluded footpath with thousands of pine trees, verdant and luxuriant, so it is called the "Valley of Spirit Deep in Pines". It is one of the 48 attractions in Nanjing. Inside the temple there is the Beamless Hall built in 1381 in the Ming dynasty. The hall, 53.8 meters long, 37.85 meters wide and 22 meters high, was built entirely of bricks and stones from top to bottom without a piece of wood. There are nine overlapping ridges and three dagobas decorating the top ridges. In size, the Beamless Hall stands first and foremost of its kind in China. It was built more than 200 years earlier than the other five of the same kind in the other areas: Xiangtong Temple at Wutai Mountain; Yongzuo Temple in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province; Wannian Temple on Ermei Mountain in Sichuan; Kaiyuan Temple in Shzhou and Longchang Temple in Jurong County. It far surpasses them all in solidity and magnificence. No wonder it is considered a masterpiece of Chinese stone-brick buildings. The difficulty involved in its construction and the complexity of techniques adopted testify the wisdom of the architectural technology of the time in China. Beyond the Beamless Hall are the Wind-through-pines Pavilion and a nine-storeyed, over sixty-meter-high octagonal pagoda, with a corridor encircled by stone rails on each storey. Inside the pagoda a spiral staircase winds to the top through the nine stories. When one gets to the top story and gaze into the distance, one can get a view of the entire mausoleum area. City Wall The imposing city wall, as high as a five-story building, is the good impression of the visitors to Nanjing. The building of the wall began in 1366, ordered by Zhu Yuanzhang who, two years later, founded the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). More than 200,000 people worked on the project and many of them died before the wall was completed in 1368. The wall was 33.678 kilometers in circumference and 14.21 meters high on average. It was the longest city wall in the world and the city enclosed by it remained the world's largest until the 17th century. In order to guarantee the quality of the wall, Zhu Yuanzhang had tight control over the making of all bricks. The brick makers and the officials were responsible for overseeing the quality. In case a brick was found not up to the standard, all of them were supposed to be punished. Different from the square-shaped city walls of most ancient Chinese cities, Nanjing's wall followed the natural terrain and was built on a foundation of huge rocks. The bricks were cemented in with a mortar of lime mixed with tung oil and glutinous rice gruel. Many parts of the wall are still in good condition. The city wall has 24 gates, among which the Zhonghua (China) Gate, formerly called the Treasure Pot Gate, is the largest. Covering an area of 15,168 square meters, 20 meters high, the gate has 4 entrances with 4 doors. Behind the first conventional double panel wooden door, there are 3 other 23-centimeter-thick vertically sliding stone doors. The heavy stone doors are lifted and dropped with the help of a mechanical winch. If enemy troops broke through the first wooden door, they could be separated and trapped inside by the dropping of the other 3 stone doors. This strategy is known in China as "beating dogs behind a bolted door." The first entrance is in a three-tier building in which 27 tunnels are built. These tunnels are big enough to accommodate more than 3,000 soldiers and store large quantity of food and ammunitions. On its both sides there are wide horse ramps. At the top, a rostrum allows a commanding view. Unfortunately, this rostrum and parts of the wall were destroyed by the Japanese during the Second World War. Now the Nanjing Municipal Government plans to have part of the city wall repaired and some of the city gates renovated.
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博士孙中山的陵墓其中，历史文化景点，在南京，最有名的是博士，孙中山的陵墓。 博士孙中山的陵墓位于南坡的紫山，在东部郊区的城市。设计一个年轻的建筑师卢炎枝，陵园里花了超过3年的建设和成本150万银元。施工开始对1926年3月12日动工，并于1929年当博士孙中山被埋葬在这里，于今年六月一日。 博士孙中山，也叫孙文或孙中山，被认为是父亲的，中国的民主革命。出生在一个农民家庭，在广东省在1866年，他曾他的小学教育在夏威夷檀香山举办他的兄长，从1878年至1883年。他是如此难过，当他看到贫穷的国家后，他的回报。中国一直是超强世纪之久。但自清中叶，在19世纪初，中国开始衰落，其中欠了大量的腐败和无能的清政府。外国侵略和农民起义了，甚至更糟。 1840年鸦片战争结束与"条约的南京" 。中国被迫多支付赔款2100万银元，并割让香港给英国，并开放五自由港城市到西方人，其中广州，厦门，福州，宁波和上海。以下为战争再次推出法国在1883年和日本于1894年。中国人民过着凄惨的生活。他们所指的"病夫的东方" ，由西方人。博士孙中山梦见挽救民族行医，并导致他到香港学习中医的时候，他是21岁。但是，它没有工作。现实使他放弃自己的医学生涯中，他在家乡和澳门，但把它与政治1893年。 从此，他不断上访，向清政府进行改革，但没有回应。在极度失望和遗憾，他离开该国后，前往拉票广泛地在美国，欧洲和日本，试图赢得同情和支持，从海外的中国人。随着筹集的资金，他组织了"振兴中国联赛" -中国第一个资产阶级的组织。以下目睹了1905年建国的"中国革命同盟"博士为首的孙中山，党，一个具有了一种具有鲜明纲领"驱逐鞑靼，恢复中国，建立共和国＆平衡土地"博士孙中山，也提出了三民主原则的"民族，民主及人民的生活"作为自己的政治目标。武装运动对清政府发生不断。 最重要的事情以下是辛亥革命在武汉博士领导的孙中山，即驱车末代皇帝的清朝出的北京紫禁城，它标志着结束旧朝代制度在中国的。在同一年，代表17个省，会见了在南京，并当选为博士孙中山先生的临时政府的中华民国。对1912年1月1日，这是在南京凡第一个民主共和国，在中国历史上是缔造和博士孙中山就任他的主席职务。 可惜这个新共和国受到威胁强大的军阀，在北方。为了避免政治危机和挽救共和国，博士孙中山妥协，有条件地同主要北洋命名袁世凯曾经追求国家电力在相当长的时间。他的辞职于3月底公布1912年，但从来没有停止过追求自己的目标。 紧接着，中国进入混乱的内战。的情况，导致了一系列的动作， "第二次革命" ， "拯救共和国" ， "恢复立法" ， "北方探险" ，在随后的几年内。博士孙中山花了他的大部分时间处理军阀。直到1921年，博士孙中山恢复他的总统下午在广州举行。在第一次全国代表大会，中国国民党在1924年，他采取了"联盟与俄罗斯和中共，协助农民和工人" ，并正式承认的合作关系民族主义党和共产党执政的政府。 在十一月份， 1924年，博士孙中山，尽管他的健康状况不佳，取得了远征北与他的野心，以消除军阀，驱逐帝国主义和废除不平等条约。他的热烈迎接成千上万的人当他抵达北京。他会见了许多政客和军阀，试图说服他们联合起来，以建设一个新中国。但结果并不乐观期待。他病得很重，由于辛勤工作，不得不住院治疗。诊断出他患有一种晚期肝癌。当他意识到它不会很长，为他留在这个世界上，他出于他的助手3最后遗嘱，一到他的政党之一，向俄罗斯政府和其他向他的妻子主席宋庆龄。于1925年3月12日博士孙中山去世后，在北京协和医院。 博士孙中山是一个伟人，是因为他用40年的人生追求他的梦想是要推翻封建帝制，建立了一个解开民主的中国。 为什么博士孙中山安葬在南京，而是在他的家乡或北京，他的身上吗？陵墓网站首次推荐博士孙中山由住持的灵谷寺为好风水。一天，在4月， 1912年当他来到狩猎到现场与他的朋友们，博士孙中山真的很惊讶，由优美的环境，他希望人们会容许他被埋葬在这里后，他的死因。他表示，这个愿望又在他的病床上，在1925年。 博士孙中山的陵墓，是在塑造一个自由钟，有意提醒人们从来没有得到自我满足。整个建筑，从大门，正门入口，片剂，陵园纪念馆和墓跳马，就在于对南北轴线与392个步骤和10个平台，在这两者之间。建筑物都是建造与天然花岗石和大理石和所涵盖的蓝色釉面瓦屋顶。 对面的青铜香燃烧器起飞的广场，站在12米高的大门三拱门博士与孙中山的字迹"博爱"刻在其前端顶部。 480米长的墓室里，两边的松树，银杏和枫树树木，导致正门入口。博士孙中山的格言： "世界属于人民" ，可以看到正上方的大门在中间。穿过它，第一大楼，你会看到的是片馆，其中有一个巨大的墓碑上。墓碑是刻有"总理孙中山是埋葬在这里，由中国国民党对1929年6月1日" ，从那里可以眺望到纪念馆可以得到。然而，仍然有290个步骤，距离到达纪念馆放在上面。纪念馆停机73.33米高于地面。在该中心的纪念馆位于意大利的白色大理石雕像博士孙中山安装在一个基座刻在BAS的救灾一名波兰雕刻家。四周墙壁都被列入符合国家宪法写博士孙中山。超越纪念馆是墓室拱顶。站在泳池内，如果你居高临下，你低头见博士孙中山的躺椅大理石雕像与他的尸体被埋5米底下。如果你留意了，你会发现这个徽号的国，亲两党对上限。 当你完成你的参拜之行，并立即下台，你不仅能享受俯瞰美丽的南京，但也觉得完全放心，因为你看不到任何更多的那些392步骤，你已征服。不是在那之前，你不会明白如何伟大博士孙中山是。 十三陵600岁高龄的明墓，倒卧在南山脚紫山，是该墓为朱元璋，第一皇帝的明朝，从1368年至1398年。 出生在一个贫苦的农民家庭，在凤阳县，安徽省在1328年，朱元璋失去了他的父母，他的童年，并成为一名僧人在huangjue庙。在1352年，他参加了红色头巾领导下的军队郭自新。他已婚，郭自新的养女，并成为指挥一般。朱元璋接手南京在1356年取得了它在首都第1368时，他又战胜了其余部分的中国，并建立了明朝。 朱元璋就开始有他的墓建于1381年的时候，他的妻子去世。慈禧被安葬在墓穴的第1383 。但皇帝朱元璋死于1398年，并被埋葬在这里，在同一年。 现在，我们已达到了墓室门，被称为大金门。十三陵是分为两部分。第一部分是从马，下马拱形门，以linxin门， 1800米长，担任该墓的途径。第二部分是墓本身。因此，原本是一个大红色的墙， 22.5公里，围封整个墓室面积。墓复杂，是非常大的，与许多辉煌的建筑物。 100000松树种植和1000鹿内提出。不幸的是，这一大群建筑物毁于一旦，在战时，一旦与明清及其他的时候，太平天国农民军被镇压，由清朝军队。所有的木结构已被烧毁。不过，我们仍然可以看到精美的石雕，从石材基地，并想想它看上去像600年前。 在马，下马拱形大门，碑文中可以看出： "所有官员必须下车，由他们horsebacks这里" 。这表明，绝对尊严的皇帝朱元璋在那个时候。 在这里，我们是在广场上的城市，也被称为碑林房子。它的顶部是经历了，但周围的墙壁和4个拱门，是尚存，就像一个城堡。大明王朝精彩的成就和功绩，片剂， 8.78米高，建于1413年由第三皇帝的明朝，是最高的古代片在南京。现时，共有2746汉字对片剂，其中赞美皇帝朱元璋为他的事迹和功绩，由他的第四个儿子，使自己的第三个皇帝的明朝。 为什么朱棣，第三个皇帝筑起这石碑？朱元璋有26个儿子。他的第一个儿子死于1392 ，所以他的第一个孙子，然后16日，被提名成为继任皇帝朱元璋。在1398年， 22岁的朱运文成为第二任皇帝后，他的祖父去世。不过他的叔叔朱棣当时在北京，并发现了一些借口，发动战争，反对他。长达4年之久的战争结束后，与舅舅的胜利。朱棣抢夺权力，并成为第三个皇帝。当朱棣称赞皇帝朱元璋，他其实是赞美自己。本来，朱棣计划有一个72米高的石碑上刻出来的洋山山在东郊的南京。由于它太沉重被提出后，他放弃了自己的计划，并已这个小一。 石头动物根据片看起来像一个乌龟。它实际上是第一个儿子的龙，众所周知，为自己的力量。它的名字是碧玺和他永远是放在那里进行皇国片。据传说，当石碑被瓜分，行政梅森可能难有它安装到后面的碧玺，因为它过于沉重。他当时非常担心，不知道该怎么做。有一天，他有一个梦，其中有人告诉他说，只有在平板电脑和BI喜没有看到对方，他会越来越大。聪明的，因为他，他盖碧玺与泥浆和推片上回的碧玺，你看现在。 当我们通过科举的桥梁，我们可以看到，神圣之路，与24个动物。有六种动物，一对常委会和其他跪在地上。常委会对工作和跪在地上休息。他们的工作，两班制。的意义，这些动物是为了表明国家的权力和皇帝的影响力，以赶走邪灵和看守陵墓。第一2双动物是狮子，国王的节拍。第二2双动物被称为毕谢，具有传奇色彩的动物，暗示正义。以下对动物包括骆驼，大象，麒麟和马匹。骆驼被称为船在沙漠和象征繁荣。每个大象的重量为80吨，象征着和平。利康代表着好运，而马匹的忠诚度。 你可能不知道如何将这些沉重的石头动物被转移到这个地方。事实是，在寒冷的冬天，工人溅到水对地面和推石头动物，以目前的地点就冻结冰。 两个6.25米高的石柱作为神坛供祭祀。神圣大道，使右转这里只是因为梅花山站的方式。该山是墓为孙权，第一皇帝东吴王国。当明墓，建，有些人建议孙权墓应该搬走。但皇帝朱元璋评论说，孙权是一个很好的研究员，并应留下来。这表明皇帝的谦虚。其中8个石头的数字， 4名部长和其他都是勇士。 当我们穿过皇大桥，步行很短的距离，我们到达陵墓本身。拱形门，皇碑林馆，大馆，城市广场，大阳台，珍惜城市，珍惜顶部都是对南北轴线，一个典型的布局，中国古代建筑。 拱形门有5个门，有黄色釉面砖，红色的墙壁和大门。不过，这门重建于1999年。 在碑林馆建于清初的，我们可以看到一个碑文由康熙，第二个皇帝的清王朝， "暗战国家作为蓬勃作为唐宋时期" 。自清朝统治者满洲，康熙皇帝担心汉族人未必会跟他走。这一石碑表明康熙的愿望，是和平与汉斯。他取得了6班下来，以中国南方，从北京，并参观十三陵为5倍以上。此片是这里耸立在1699年期间，他的第三次访华。我们可以告诉从这片说，康熙是难怪一位伟大的皇帝。 该墓是在脚下的紫山。但至今没有得到挖掘，因为技术上的原因，保存工作。 墓址选定，由朱元璋本人。但是出现了一个佛寺，在这里。朱yuangzhang节奏的向上与向下，并期待底价，每次当他在这里。聪明的住持在寺庙中感受到它，并建议向天皇表示，庙方应挪，因为他的老师告诉他，所以在他的梦想。皇帝十分高兴，当他听到这，而且有庙改建为东他的墓。 灵谷寺现在，我们正就未来路向灵谷寺公园。对我们的权利，有一个捕鱼阳台与米色釉面砖建于1937年。它是一座丰碑，以博士孙中山，从国家军事学院，成立由博士，孙中山在1924年。 灵谷寺在于约一个半公里到东博士孙中山奇摩陵园。这是所谓江山庙，在远古时代和它的原址是在dulongfu在脚下的紫山。然而，在早年的明代（ 1368-1644 ） ，皇帝朱元璋选了这个地方来建造自己的陵墓，因此庙方不得不动议，并改建于现址，并改名为灵谷寺与题词"第一个佛教森林" ，在入口处向山区。内入口处有一个僻静小径与数以千计的松树，青翠郁郁葱葱，所以它被称为"谷的精神深处松树" 。这是一个48个景点在南京。 内有庙是无梁音乐厅建于1381年，在明朝。大厅， 53.8米长， 37.85米宽和22米高的，是建立在完全的砖头和石块，从自上而下的，没有一块木头。有9个重叠的山脊和三个dagobas装点顶部山脊。在人数计算，无梁大厅站在首要的，它在中国。它建于200多年前，比其他5个同类在其他方面的目标：向彤庙在五台山; yongzuo庙在山西太原;万年寺ermei山在四川;开元寺在shzhou和隆昌寺在句容县。它远远超过他们所有在牢固和辉煌。难怪它被认为是杰作的中国石砖房。难度参与其建设和复杂的技术，通过作证的智慧建筑技术的时间里在中国。 超越无梁大厅是风经过松树凉亭及9层， 60米高的八角形佛塔，同一条走廊包围石栏杆上，每个层。内佛塔一个螺旋楼梯风吹至顶部透过9个故事。当一个人得到晋升至高层故事，并洞悉距离，就可以得到期的整个陵园面积。 城墙强加的城墙，高达5层的建筑物，有良好印象的游客到南京。 修建隔离墙始于1366 ，由朱元璋的人，两年后，创立了明代（ 1368-1644 ） 。超过20万人从事该项目，他们中的许多人死于前墙完成第1368号决议。 修建隔离墙是33.678公里周长14.21米高，对平均水平。这是最长的城墙，在世界城市围了，它仍是世界上最大的，直到17世纪。 为了保证质量，在墙上，朱元璋曾受到严格控制制作的所有砖块。砖决策者和官员负责监督质量。在案件砖被发现不符合标准，它们都被假设将受到惩罚。 有别于方形城墙的最古老的中国城市，南京的城墙遵循自然地形，并建立在一个基础上的巨大岩石。用砖头被凝成的一个迫击炮石灰混合桐油和糯米粥。许多地方的墙体仍处于良好状态。 城墙有24个门，其中，中华（中国）门，前身是所谓的宝藏壶门，是世界上最大的。公司占地面积15168平方米， 20米高，门有4个出入口， 4个车门。尾随前面常规双层板木门，有3个其他23厘米厚的垂直滑动石头门。沉重的石头门被取消，并减少与帮助的一个机械绞车。如果敌军突破了第一木门，他们是可以分离的，并被困在车厢内所投下的其他3门石。这一战略是在中国又称"打狗后面螺栓的大门" 。 第一个入口是在一个三层建筑，其中27条隧道的兴建。这些隧道都不够大，以容纳超过3000名士兵和储存大量的粮食和弹药。对双方有广泛的马匹斜路设施。在顶部，一个讲台上，让指挥官的看法。不幸的是，在这个讲台上和部分围墙被摧毁，由日本在第二次世界大战期间。 现在南京市委，政府计划有部分古城墙修复和城市一些盖茨整修。